Linguistic Trees and Diagrams

Linguistic analysis requires specialized tree structures and diagrams to represent syntax, phonology, and morphological relationships. This guide covers the essential packages and techniques for professional linguistic typesetting in LaTeX.

Key concept: LaTeX provides powerful packages like forest, tikz-qtree, and phonrule for linguistic notation. These packages handle complex tree structures, phonological rules, and feature matrices following linguistic conventions.Related topics: TikZ graphics | Mathematical notation | Trees and diagrams

Syntax Trees with Forest

Basic Phrase Structure Trees

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[linguistics]{forest}

\begin{document}

\section{Basic Syntax Trees}

% Simple sentence structure
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP [Det [the]] [N [cat]]]
  [VP [V [sat]] [PP [P [on]] [NP [Det [the]] [N [mat]]]]]
]
\end{forest}

% More complex sentence
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP [Det [The]] [Adj [quick]] [N [fox]]]
  [VP 
    [V [jumped]]
    [PP [P [over]] [NP [Det [the]] [Adj [lazy]] [N [dog]]]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Embedded clause
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP [N [John]]]
  [VP
    [V [thinks]]
    [CP
      [C [that]]
      [S
        [NP [N [Mary]]]
        [VP [V [left]]]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Movement and Traces}

% Wh-movement
\begin{forest}
[CP
  [Spec,CP [What$_i$]]
  [C'
    [C [did]]
    [S
      [NP [John]]
      [VP [V [see]] [NP [t$_i$]]]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Passive construction
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP [The book]$_i$]
  [VP
    [V [was]]
    [VP
      [V [read]]
      [NP [t$_i$]]
      [PP [P [by]] [NP [Mary]]]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\end{document}

Advanced Syntactic Structures

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[linguistics]{forest}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\begin{document}

\section{X-bar Theory}

% X-bar structure
\begin{forest}
[XP
  [Spec]
  [X'
    [X$^0$]
    [YP [Complement]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Detailed VP structure
\begin{forest}
[VP
  [Spec,VP [John]]
  [V'
    [V$^0$ [give]]
    [VP
      [V'
        [V$^0$ [t$_{give}$]]
        [DP [the book]]
        [PP [to Mary]]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Minimalist Syntax}

% Phase structure
\begin{forest}
[CP, draw, thick
  [DP$_1$ [who]]
  [C'
    [C$^0$ [$+$wh, $+$Q]]
    [TP, draw, thick
      [T'
        [T$^0$ [did]]
        [vP
          [DP [John]]
          [v'
            [v$^0$ [t$_{see}$]]
            [VP
              [V$^0$ [see]]
              [DP [t$_1$]]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Feature checking
\begin{forest}
[T$^0$, name=T
  [T [+finite]]
  [AGR [$\phi$-features] [uCase:\_\_\_]]
]
\draw[->] (T) to[out=south east,in=north] node[right] {Agree} ++(2,-1);
\end{forest}

\section{Morphological Structure}

% Word structure
\begin{forest}
[Word
  [Stem
    [Root [play]]
    [Deriv [-er]]
  ]
  [Infl [-s]]
]
\end{forest}

% Complex morphology
\begin{forest}
[Word
  [Prefix [un-]]
  [Stem
    [Root [break]]
    [Suffix [-able]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Semantic Composition}

% Lambda calculus notation
\begin{forest}
[VP: $\lambda x.\text{love}(x)(\text{mary})$
  [V: $\lambda y \lambda x.\text{love}(x)(y)$ [loves]]
  [NP: $\text{mary}$ [Mary]]
]
\end{forest}

% Type-driven semantics
\begin{forest}
[S: $t$
  [NP: $e$ [John]]
  [VP: $\langle e,t \rangle$
    [V: $\langle e, \langle e,t \rangle \rangle$ [likes]]
    [NP: $e$ [pizza]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\end{document}

Comparative Syntax

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[linguistics]{forest}
\usepackage{multicol}

\begin{document}

\section{Cross-linguistic Comparison}

\textbf{English SVO:}
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP [John]]
  [VP [V [sees]] [NP [Mary]]]
]
\end{forest}

\textbf{Japanese SOV:}
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP [Taro-ga]]
  [VP [NP [Hanako-o]] [V [miru]]]
]
\end{forest}

\textbf{Welsh VSO:}
\begin{forest}
[S
  [V [Gwelodd]]
  [NP [Siôn]]
  [NP [Mair]]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Head Movement}

\textbf{French V-to-I movement:}
\begin{forest}
[IP
  [NP [Jean]]
  [I'
    [I$^0$ [mange$_i$] [+AGR]]
    [VP
      [V$^0$ [t$_i$]]
      [NP [la pomme]]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Binding Theory}

% Reflexives and anaphors
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP$_i$ [John]]
  [VP
    [V [saw]]
    [NP [himself$_i$]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Binding domains
\begin{forest}
[S$_1$
  [NP$_i$ [John]]
  [VP
    [V [thinks]]
    [S$_2$
      [NP$_j$ [Mary]]
      [VP [V [likes]] [NP [him$_{i/*j}$]]]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Government and Binding}

% Case assignment
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP$_{\text{NOM}}$ [John]]
  [VP
    [V [sees]]
    [NP$_{\text{ACC}}$ [Mary]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Exceptional Case Marking
\begin{forest}
[S
  [NP$_{\text{NOM}}$ [I]]
  [VP
    [V [believe]]
    [S
      [NP$_{\text{ACC}}$ [him]]
      [VP [V [to]] [VP [V [be]] [AP [intelligent]]]]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\end{document}

Phonological Representations

Feature Matrices

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{phonrule}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\begin{document}

\section{Distinctive Features}

% Feature matrix
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c}
& /p/ & /b/ & /m/ \\
\hline
consonantal & + & + & + \\
sonorant & $-$ & $-$ & + \\
voice & $-$ & + & + \\
nasal & $-$ & $-$ & + \\
labial & + & + & + \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

% Natural classes
\textbf{Natural Classes:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Stops: [$-$sonorant, $-$continuant]
\item Fricatives: [$-$sonorant, +continuant]
\item Nasals: [+sonorant, +nasal]
\item Liquids: [+sonorant, $-$nasal, $-$syllabic]
\end{itemize}

\section{Phonological Rules}

% Rule notation
\textbf{Devoicing rule:}
\phonb
\phonfeat{+obstruent \\ -sonorant}
\phonc
\phonrightarrow
\phonfeat{-voice}
\phonc
/ \phonc \_\_\_ \phonfeat{-voice}
\phonc
\phone

\textbf{Vowel harmony:}
\phonb
\phonfeat{+syllabic \\ -consonantal}
\phonc
\phonrightarrow
\phonfeat{$\alpha$back \\ $\alpha$round}
\phonc
/ \phonfeat{$\alpha$back \\ $\alpha$round} C$_0$ \_\_\_
\phone

\section{Autosegmental Phonology}

% Tone representation
\textbf{Tone spreading:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Skeletal tier
\node at (0,0) {C};
\node at (1,0) {V};
\node at (2,0) {C};
\node at (3,0) {V};

% Tonal tier
\node at (1,1) {H};
\node at (3,1) {L};

% Association lines
\draw (1,0.2) -- (1,0.8);
\draw (3,0.2) -- (3,0.8);
\draw[dashed] (1,0.8) -- (3,0.8);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

% Metrical structure
\textbf{Metrical grid:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Word level
\node at (2,3) {*};
% Foot level
\node at (1,2) {*};
\node at (3,2) {*};
% Syllable level
\node at (0.5,1) {*};
\node at (1.5,1) {*};
\node at (2.5,1) {*};
\node at (3.5,1) {*};
% Segments
\node at (0.5,0) {te};
\node at (1.5,0) {le};
\node at (2.5,0) {vi};
\node at (3.5,0) {sion};

% Grid lines
\draw (2,2.8) -- (2,3.2);
\draw (1,1.8) -- (1,2.2);
\draw (3,1.8) -- (3,2.2);
\foreach \x in {0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5}
  \draw (\x,0.8) -- (\x,1.2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Optimality Theory}

% Constraint tableau
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l||c|c|c|}
\hline
/input/ & CONSTRAINT1 & CONSTRAINT2 & CONSTRAINT3 \\
\hline
\hline
$\rightarrow$ candidate1 & & * & \\
\hline
candidate2 & *! & & \\
\hline
candidate3 & & ** & * \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\end{document}

Prosodic Structure

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{forest}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\section{Prosodic Hierarchy}

% Prosodic tree
\begin{forest}
[Utterance
  [Intonational Phrase
    [Phonological Phrase
      [Prosodic Word
        [Foot [$\sigma$ [$\sigma$]]]
        [Foot [$\sigma$ [$\sigma$]]]
      ]
      [Prosodic Word
        [Foot [$\sigma$]]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Syllable Structure}

% Syllable internal structure
\begin{forest}
[$\sigma$
  [Onset [C]]
  [Rhyme
    [Nucleus [V]]
    [Coda [C]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

% Complex onset
\begin{forest}
[$\sigma$
  [Onset [C [s]] [C [t]]]
  [Rhyme
    [Nucleus [V [a]]]
    [Coda [C [p]]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Metrical Structure}

% Binary branching feet
\begin{forest}
[Foot
  [$\sigma$ [strong]]
  [$\sigma$ [weak]]
]
\end{forest}

% Ternary branching
\begin{forest}
[Foot
  [$\sigma$ [strong]]
  [$\sigma$ [weak]]
  [$\sigma$ [weak]]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Morpho-Phonological Interface}

% Lexical Phonology levels
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
% Level 1
\draw (0,3) rectangle (4,4);
\node at (2,3.5) {Level 1: Class I affixes + Rules};

% Level 2  
\draw (0,2) rectangle (4,3);
\node at (2,2.5) {Level 2: Class II affixes + Rules};

% Post-lexical
\draw (0,1) rectangle (4,2);
\node at (2,1.5) {Post-lexical: Phrasal rules};

% Arrows
\draw[->] (2,2.8) -- (2,2.2);
\draw[->] (2,1.8) -- (2,1.2);

% Word boundaries
\draw[thick] (-0.5,3) -- (-0.5,1);
\draw[thick] (4.5,3) -- (4.5,1);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Intonational Phonology}

% ToBI notation
\textbf{ToBI Transcription:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Text tier
\node at (0,0) {What};
\node at (1,0) {did};
\node at (2,0) {John};
\node at (3,0) {eat};
\node at (4,0) {?};

% Tonal tier
\node at (2,1) {H*};
\node at (4,1) {L*};
\node at (4,1.5) {H\%};

% Association lines
\draw (2,0.2) -- (2,0.8);
\draw (4,0.2) -- (4,0.8);
\draw (4,1.2) -- (4,1.3);

% F0 contour
\draw[thick] (0,2) .. controls (1,2.5) and (1.5,2.8) .. (2,3) 
            .. controls (2.5,2.8) and (3,2.2) .. (4,2.5);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\end{document}

Historical and Comparative Linguistics

Language Family Trees

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{forest}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\section{Indo-European Family Tree}

\begin{forest}
[Proto-Indo-European
  [Germanic
    [West Germanic
      [English]
      [German]
      [Dutch]
    ]
    [North Germanic
      [Swedish]
      [Norwegian]
      [Danish]
    ]
    [East Germanic
      [Gothic$^\dagger$]
    ]
  ]
  [Celtic
    [Insular Celtic
      [Gaelic [Irish] [Scottish]]
      [Brythonic [Welsh] [Breton]]
    ]
  ]
  [Italic
    [Latin$^\dagger$]
    [Romance
      [Spanish]
      [French]
      [Italian]
    ]
  ]
  [Slavic
    [West Slavic [Polish] [Czech]]
    [East Slavic [Russian] [Ukrainian]]
    [South Slavic [Serbian] [Bulgarian]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Sound Changes}

% Grimm's Law
\textbf{Grimm's Law (Proto-Germanic):}
\begin{align}
\text{PIE } *p, *t, *k &\rightarrow \text{PGmc } *f, *\theta, *x \\
\text{PIE } *b, *d, *g &\rightarrow \text{PGmc } *p, *t, *k \\
\text{PIE } *b^h, *d^h, *g^h &\rightarrow \text{PGmc } *b, *d, *g
\end{align}

% Comparative method
\textbf{Comparative Reconstruction:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l|l|l|l}
& Latin & Greek & Sanskrit & Gothic & Reconstruction \\
\hline
'father' & pater & patēr & pitár- & fadar & *ph₂tér- \\
'three' & trēs & treîs & tráyas & þreis & *tréyes \\
'new' & novus & néos & návas & niujis & *néwos \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\section{Phonological Correspondences}

% Sound correspondence table
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c}
Proto-Lang & Lang A & Lang B & Lang C & Example \\
\hline
*p & p & f & p & *pater > pater/faðir/padre \\
*t & t & θ & t & *treyes > tres/þreis/tres \\
*k & k & x & k & *ḱm̥tóm > centum/hund/cent \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\section{Lexical Diffusion}

% Wave model
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Circles representing linguistic areas
\draw (0,0) circle (1.5);
\draw (2,0) circle (1.5);
\draw (1,1.5) circle (1.5);

% Labels
\node at (-0.5,-0.5) {Dialect A};
\node at (2.5,-0.5) {Dialect B};
\node at (1,2) {Dialect C};

% Innovation waves
\draw[dashed] (1,0) circle (0.8);
\draw[dashed] (1,0) circle (1.2);
\node at (1,-1.8) {Innovation spreading};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\end{document}

Discourse and Pragmatics

Information Structure

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{forest}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\begin{document}

\section{Information Structure}

% Topic-Focus articulation
\textbf{Topic-Focus Structure:}
\begin{forest}
[S
  [Topic [The book$_i$]]
  [Focus [John read t$_i$]]
]
\end{forest}

% Given-New structure
\textbf{Given-New Information:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) rectangle (3,1);
\draw (3,0) rectangle (6,1);
\node at (1.5,0.5) {GIVEN};
\node at (4.5,0.5) {NEW};

\node at (1.5,-0.5) {John};
\node at (4.5,-0.5) {bought a car};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Discourse Representation}

% DRS (Discourse Representation Structure)
\textbf{DRT Box:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) rectangle (4,3);
\draw (0,1.5) -- (4,1.5);

% Universe
\node at (2,2.25) {$x, y$};

% Conditions
\node at (1,1) {man($x$)};
\node at (1,0.5) {car($y$)};
\node at (3,0.75) {buy($x,y$)};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

% Accessibility relations
\textbf{DRS Accessibility:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Main DRS
\draw (0,0) rectangle (3,2);
\draw (0,1.2) -- (3,1.2);
\node at (1.5,1.6) {$x$};
\node at (1.5,0.6) {man($x$)};

% Embedded DRS
\draw (4,0.2) rectangle (6.5,1.8);
\draw (4,1.2) -- (6.5,1.2);
\node at (5.25,1.5) {$y$};
\node at (5.25,0.6) {car($y$)};

% Arrow
\draw[->] (3,1) -- (4,1);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Speech Act Theory}

% Searle's taxonomy
\textbf{Speech Act Classification:}
\begin{forest}
[Speech Acts
  [Representatives [assert] [conclude] [believe]]
  [Directives [request] [command] [invite]]
  [Commissives [promise] [threaten] [offer]]
  [Expressives [thank] [apologize] [congratulate]]
  [Declarations [pronounce] [christen] [fire]]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Conversational Analysis}

% Turn-taking system
\textbf{Turn-Taking Rules:}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Current speaker selects next
\item Self-selection by others
\item Current speaker continues
\end{enumerate}

% Adjacency pairs
\textbf{Adjacency Pairs:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
First Pair Part & Second Pair Part \\
\hline
Question & Answer \\
Invitation & Acceptance/Decline \\
Greeting & Greeting \\
Compliment & Acceptance/Deflection \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\end{document}

Corpus Linguistics and Computational Methods

Statistical Analysis

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepackage{forest}

\begin{document}

\section{Frequency Distributions}

% Zipf's law visualization
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  xlabel={Rank},
  ylabel={Frequency},
  title={Zipf's Law},
  xmode=log,
  ymode=log
]
\addplot coordinates {
  (1,1000) (2,500) (3,333) (4,250) (5,200)
  (10,100) (20,50) (50,20) (100,10) (1000,1)
};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Syntactic Parsing}

% Parse tree with probabilities
\begin{forest}
[S [0.8]
  [NP [0.6] [Det [0.9] [the]] [N [0.7] [cat]]]
  [VP [0.7] [V [0.8] [sat]] [PP [0.5] [P [0.9] [on]] [NP [0.6] [Det [0.9] [the]] [N [0.6] [mat]]]]]
]
\end{forest}

\section{N-gram Models}

% Markov chain for bigrams
\textbf{Bigram Transition Probabilities:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
% States
\node[circle,draw] (the) at (0,0) {the};
\node[circle,draw] (cat) at (2,0) {cat};
\node[circle,draw] (dog) at (0,-2) {dog};
\node[circle,draw] (runs) at (2,-2) {runs};

% Transitions
\draw[->] (the) to[bend left] node[above] {0.4} (cat);
\draw[->] (the) to[bend right] node[left] {0.6} (dog);
\draw[->] (cat) to[bend left] node[right] {0.8} (runs);
\draw[->] (dog) to[bend left] node[below] {0.9} (runs);
\draw[->] (runs) to[bend left] node[below] {0.3} (the);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Semantic Vectors}

% Word embedding visualization
\textbf{Word Vector Space:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Axes
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (4,0) node[right] {Dimension 1};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,4) node[above] {Dimension 2};

% Word vectors
\node at (1,3) {king};
\node at (3,3.2) {queen};
\node at (0.8,1) {man};
\node at (2.8,1.2) {woman};

% Vector arrows
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (1,3);
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (3,3.2);
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0.8,1);
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (2.8,1.2);

% Analogy relationship
\draw[dashed] (1,3) -- (0.8,1);
\draw[dashed] (3,3.2) -- (2.8,1.2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\section{Corpus Annotation}

% Part-of-speech tagging
\textbf{POS-tagged text:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c}
The & cat & sat & on & the \\
\hline
DET & N & V & P & DET \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

% Dependency parsing
\textbf{Dependency Relations:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Words
\node (the1) at (0,0) {The};
\node (cat) at (1,0) {cat};
\node (sat) at (2,0) {sat};
\node (on) at (3,0) {on};
\node (the2) at (4,0) {the};
\node (mat) at (5,0) {mat};

% Dependencies
\draw[->] (cat) to[bend left=45] node[above] {det} (the1);
\draw[->] (sat) to[bend left=45] node[above] {nsubj} (cat);
\draw[->] (sat) to[bend left=45] node[above] {prep} (on);
\draw[->] (on) to[bend left=45] node[above] {pobj} (mat);
\draw[->] (mat) to[bend right=45] node[below] {det} (the2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\end{document}

Specialized Linguistic Notation

IPA and Phonetic Transcription

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tipa}
\usepackage{vowel}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\section{IPA Transcription}

% Phonetic vs phonemic
\textbf{Phonetic:} [\textipa{"ExsEnt}] \\
\textbf{Phonemic:} /\textipa{"aks@nt}/

% Stress and length
\textbf{Primary stress:} \textipa{"f@Un@tIks} \\
\textbf{Secondary stress:} \textipa{,f@Un@"tIks} \\
\textbf{Long vowel:} \textipa{fi:d} \\
\textbf{Half-long:} \textipa{fi\textlengthmark d}

\section{Vowel Systems}

% Vowel chart
\begin{vowel}
\putcvowel[l]{i}{1}
\putcvowel[r]{u}{8}
\putcvowel[l]{e}{2}
\putcvowel[r]{o}{7}
\putcvowel[l]{\ae}{3}
\putcvowel{\textschwa}{4}
\putcvowel[r]{\textturnscripta}{6}
\putcvowel[l]{a}{5}
\end{vowel}

\section{Consonant Charts}

% Place and manner features
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|c|c|c|c}
& Bilabial & Alveolar & Velar & Glottal \\
\hline
Stops & p b & t d & k g & \textipa{P} \\
Fricatives & f v & s z & x \textipa{G} & h \\
Nasals & m & n & \textipa{N} & \\
Liquids & & l r & & \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\section{Suprasegmentals}

% Tone notation
\textbf{Level tones:} \\
High: \tone{55}ma \\
Mid: \tone{33}ma \\
Low: \tone{11}ma \\

\textbf{Contour tones:} \\
Rising: \tone{35}ma \\
Falling: \tone{51}ma \\
Dipping: \tone{213}ma \\

% Intonation
\textbf{Intonation patterns:}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Statement
\draw (0,1) node[left] {Statement:} -- (0.5,1) -- (1.5,1.2) -- (2.5,0.8);
\node at (1.25,0.5) {He's coming.};

% Question  
\draw (0,0) node[left] {Question:} -- (0.5,0) -- (1.5,0.2) -- (2.5,0.8);
\node at (1.25,-0.5) {He's coming?};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\end{document}

Best Practices

Linguistic typesetting guidelines:

Use appropriate packages - Forest for trees, TIPA for IPA, specialized packages for specific notations
Consistent notation - Follow linguistic conventions and be consistent throughout
Clear structure - Use proper hierarchy and spacing in trees
Standard abbreviations - Use accepted linguistic abbreviations (NP, VP, etc.)
Feature specification - Use proper notation for phonological and syntactic features
Cross-references - Link related structures and maintain coherent analysis

Professional Linguistic Paper

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[linguistics]{forest}
\usepackage{phonrule}
\usepackage{tipa}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\begin{document}

\title{Syntactic Analysis of Wh-Movement in English}
\author{Department of Linguistics}
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

This paper examines the syntactic properties of wh-movement in English, focusing on the derivation of questions and relative clauses within the Minimalist framework.

\section{Theoretical Background}

Wh-movement is analyzed as an instance of A-bar movement driven by the need to check uninterpretable features on C$^0$.

\subsection{Basic Wh-Question}

\begin{forest}
[CP
  [Spec,CP [What$_i$ [\textsc{+wh}]]]
  [C'
    [C$^0$ [did [\textsc{+Q, +wh}]]]
    [TP
      [T'
        [T$^0$ [t$_{did}$]]
        [vP
          [DP [John]]
          [v'
            [v$^0$ [buy]]
            [VP
              [V$^0$ [t$_{buy}$]]
              [DP [t$_i$]]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\section{Feature Checking}

The wh-phrase moves to Spec,CP to check the \textsc{+wh} feature on C$^0$:

\begin{align}
\text{C}^0[\textsc{+Q, +wh}] &\rightarrow \text{Probe} \\
\text{what}[\textsc{+wh}] &\rightarrow \text{Goal} \\
\text{Agree}(\text{C}^0, \text{what}) &\rightarrow \text{Feature checking}
\end{align}

\section{Cross-linguistic Evidence}

\subsection{Wh-in-situ Languages}

In languages like Mandarin Chinese, wh-phrases remain in their base position:

\begin{forest}
[TP
  [DP [Zhangsan]]
  [VP
    [V [mai]]
    [DP [shenme [\textsc{+wh}]]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

'What did Zhangsan buy?'

\section{Phonological Considerations}

Wh-movement affects prosodic phrasing:

\textbf{In-situ:} (\textipa{dZAn}) (\textipa{bOt}) (\textipa{wVt}) \\
\textbf{Moved:} (\textipa{wVt}) (\textipa{dId}) (\textipa{dZAn}) (\textipa{baI})

\section{Acquisition Data}

Children initially show optional wh-movement:

\begin{enumerate}
\item What did you buy? (adult-like)
\item You bought what? (child grammar)
\item *What you bought? (intermediate stage)
\end{enumerate}

\section{Conclusion}

Wh-movement in English is best analyzed as feature-driven movement to Spec,CP, with cross-linguistic variation in whether movement is overt or covert.

\end{document}

Quick Reference

Essential Forest Commands

Command	Purpose	Example
`[Node [Child1] [Child2]]`	Basic tree structure	`[S [NP] [VP]]`
`for tree={align=center}`	Tree formatting	Global alignment
`name=label`	Node labeling	For drawing connections
`draw`	Draw box around node	Highlight phases
`triangle`	Triangle abbreviation	For large subtrees

Linguistic Abbreviations

Abbreviation	Meaning	Usage
S	Sentence	Clause structure
NP/DP	Noun/Determiner Phrase	Nominal constituents
VP	Verb Phrase	Verbal constituents
CP	Complementizer Phrase	Embedded clauses
TP	Tense Phrase	Inflectional layer

IPA Packages

Package	Purpose	Key Features
`tipa`	IPA symbols	Phonetic transcription
`vowel`	Vowel charts	IPA vowel quadrilateral
`phonrule`	Phonological rules	Feature matrices

Next: Learn about Algorithm pseudocode and computer science notation for computational linguistics and algorithms, or explore Document design for comprehensive layout principles.

Getting Started

LaTeX Basics

Text & Formatting

Mathematics

Figures & Tables

Specialized Notation

Bibliography & References

Advanced Topics

Syntax Trees with Forest

Basic Phrase Structure Trees

Advanced Syntactic Structures

Comparative Syntax

Phonological Representations

Feature Matrices

Prosodic Structure

Historical and Comparative Linguistics

Language Family Trees

Discourse and Pragmatics

Information Structure

Corpus Linguistics and Computational Methods

Statistical Analysis

Specialized Linguistic Notation

IPA and Phonetic Transcription

Best Practices

Professional Linguistic Paper

Quick Reference

Essential Forest Commands

Linguistic Abbreviations

IPA Packages

Getting Started

LaTeX Basics

Text & Formatting

Mathematics

Figures & Tables

Specialized Notation

Bibliography & References

Advanced Topics

​Syntax Trees with Forest

​Basic Phrase Structure Trees

​Advanced Syntactic Structures

​Comparative Syntax

​Phonological Representations

​Feature Matrices

​Prosodic Structure

​Historical and Comparative Linguistics

​Language Family Trees

​Discourse and Pragmatics

​Information Structure

​Corpus Linguistics and Computational Methods

​Statistical Analysis

​Specialized Linguistic Notation

​IPA and Phonetic Transcription

​Best Practices

​Professional Linguistic Paper

​Quick Reference

​Essential Forest Commands

​Linguistic Abbreviations

​IPA Packages

Syntax Trees with Forest

Basic Phrase Structure Trees

Advanced Syntactic Structures

Comparative Syntax

Phonological Representations

Feature Matrices

Prosodic Structure

Historical and Comparative Linguistics

Language Family Trees

Discourse and Pragmatics

Information Structure

Corpus Linguistics and Computational Methods

Statistical Analysis

Specialized Linguistic Notation

IPA and Phonetic Transcription

Best Practices

Professional Linguistic Paper

Quick Reference

Essential Forest Commands

Linguistic Abbreviations

IPA Packages